Prijono
Prijono (20 July 1907 – 6 March 1969[1]) was an Indonesian politician and academic. Prijono was a leading figure of the Murba Party and the Indonesian Peace Committee.[2] Prijono served as Minister of Education and Culture between 1957 and 1966.[3][4] He was one of the intellectual ideologues who surrounded President Sukarno.[1]
In December 1954 he was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize.[2]
Academic
Prijono studied in Paris and obtained a Ph.D. at the Leiden University (studying medieval Javanese texts).[1]
In 1954 Prijono presented a proposal for a new orthography for Indonesian. Prijono suggested that letter combinations such as 'nj' and 'ng' be substituted with IPA characters. A similar orthography, 'Ejaan Kongres', was in use in Malaya. The Indonesian government appointed Prijono as chairman of a spelling commission. In 1960 Prijono's orthography was the basis of the MELINDO proposal for a joint Melayu-Indonesian orthography. The Malaysian and Indonesian government agreed to implement the MELINDO orthography, but the project fell into oblivion as relations between the two countries became increasingly hostile.[5]
Minister
Prijono was appointed as Minister of Basic Education and Culture in the Djuanda Cabinet formed in 1957. His appointment was met with opposition from anti-Communist sectors, who claimed that he was linked to the Communist Party of Indonesia.[3] Prijono continued to serve as a minister in all cabinets until the end of the Sukarno period.[4] As a government minister, Prijono was frequently targeted by the army and Islamic organizations.[3][6]
In October 1960 Prijono introduced the principle of Pancawardhana ('five principles of development') in the primary and secondary education system. This was followed by Prijono's linking of Pancawardhana to the principle of Pancacita ('five loves') in February 1963. The secular Pancacita principle was developed by National Education Institute, an institution dominated by the Communist Party.[4] However, Prijono's policies met with opposition from General Nasution.[6] From 1961 Prijono would share the Ministry of Education with Sjarif Thajeb (a high-ranking officer with links to Islamic organizations, Minister of Higher Education and Science).[4] Prijono was pro-Soviet whilst Sjarif Thajeb was pro-American.[7] And whilst Prijono promoted secularism in the primary and secondary education system, Sjarif Thajeb introduced compulsory classes on religion in the universities. Thus the wider political confrontation between the army and the Communist Party was reproduced within the walls of the Ministry of Education.[4]
During his government tenure, Prijono established various cultural institutions with the objective to promote new national and revolutionary culture. These institutions taught new worker-peasant folk dances and revolutionary songs.[1]
On March 16, 1966 Prijono was kidnapped by activists of the Islamic students movement KAPPI and Laskar militia. He was brought to the headquarters of KOSTRAD.[8]
Honour
Foreign honour
- Malaya :
- Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN (K)) - Tan Sri (1959)[9]
References
- ^ a b c d Vickers, Adrian. A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. pp. 146-147
- ^ a b Australian Institute of International Affairs. The Australian Outlook, Volume 12-13. [Sydney]: Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1958. p. 265
- ^ a b c Lev, Daniel S. The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957-1959. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing, 2009. p. 35
- ^ a b c d e Mujiburrahman. Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia's New Order. Leiden: ISIM, 2006. pp. 228-229
- ^ Sebba, Mark. Spelling and Society The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 92
- ^ a b Bresnan, John. At Home Abroad: A Memoir of the Ford Foundation in Indonesia, 1953-1973. Jakarta, Indonesia: Equinox, 2006. p. 43
- ^ Bresnan, John. At Home Abroad: A Memoir of the Ford Foundation in Indonesia, 1953-1973. Jakarta, Indonesia: Equinox, 2006. p. 66
- ^ Crouch, Harold. The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing (Asia), 2007. p. 194
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1959" (PDF).
- v
- t
- e
- 1958: Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid
- 1958: Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz
- 1958: Ahmad Perang
- 1958: Fatimah Hashim
- 1958: G. Shelley
- 1958: Gunn Lay Teik
- 1958: Mohamad Seth Mohamed Sa'aid
- 1958: Nik Ahmad Kamil
- 1958: S. Chelvasingam MacIntyre
- 1958: Syed Omar Shahabuddin
- 1958: Tunku Ismail Tunku Yahaya
- 1958: Tunku Ya'acob
- 1958: Wong Pow Nee
- 1959: Ismail Abdul Rahman
- 1959: Omar Yoke Lin Ong
- 1959: Suleiman Abdul Rahman
- 1959: V. T. Sambanthan
- 1961: Sheikh Ahmad Mohd Hashim
- 1961: Lee Tiang Keng
- 1961: Loke Wan Tho
- 1961: Mohamed Din Ahmad
- 1961: Nik Mustapha Fadzil
- 1961: Sardon Jubir
- 1961: Tengku Indra Putra
- 1962: Abdul Jamil Abdul Rais
- 1962: Ahmad Husin
- 1962: Hassan Yunus
- 1962: Syed Sheh Shahabudin
- 1962: Zainal Abidin Ahmad
- 1963: Mohamed Noah Omar
- 1963: Mohamed Salleh Ismael
- 1964: Ismail Mohd Ali
- 1964: Jugah Barieng
- 1964: Lee Kong Chian
- 1964: Tunku Osman
- 1964: Syed Jaafar Albar
- 1964: Syed Sheh Barakbah
- 1964: Mohammad Tahir Tan Tong Hye
- 1965: Ibrahim Fikri Mohamad
- 1965: Ghazali Shafie
- 1965: Runme Shaw
- 1965: Taib Andak
- 1965: Tay Teck Eng
- 1965: Tunku Mohamed Tunku Besar Burhanuddin
- 1965: Wee Chong Jin
- 1966: Abdul Kadir Yusof
- 1966: Mohd Sharif Abdul Samad
- 1966: Saw Seng Kew
- 1967: Mohamed Azmi Mohamed
- 1967: Mohamed Said Mohamed
- 1968: Abdul Hamid Khan
- 1968: Lim Swee Aun
- 1970: Ibrahim Ismail
- 1970: Khaw Kai Boh
- 1970: Mohamed Ghazali Jawi
- 1970: V. Manickavasagam
- 1971: Mohammad Said Keruak
- 1971: Syed Nasir Ismail
- 1971: Abdul Kadir Shamsuddin
- 1972: Chik Mohamad Yusuf
- 1972: Ong Hock Thye
- 1972: Lee Siok Yew
- 1974: Abdul Rahman Hashim
- 1974: Lee Hun Hoe
- 1975: Ong Kee Hui
- 1975: Othman Saat
- 1975: Sarwan Singh Gill
- 1976: Mohammed Hanif Omar
- 1977: Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
- 1977: Abdullah Mohd Salleh
- 1977: Raja Mohar
- 1978: Mohd Sany Abdul Ghaffar
- 1979: Abang Ikhwan
- 1979: Abdullah Ayub
- 1979: Raja Azlan Shah
- 1981: Abdul Samad Idris
- 1981: Hashim Aman
- 1981: Mohd Ghazali Mohd Seth
- 1983: Hamzah Abu Samah
- 1983: Mohamed Salleh Abas
- 1984: Ismail Khan
- 1984: Mohamed Zahir Ismail
- 1984: Mohd Sunoh Marso
- 1985: Aishah Ghani
- 1985: Sallehuddin Mohamed
- 1986: Abdul Hamid Omar
- 1986: Khir Johari
- 1987: Mohd Ghazali Che Mat
- 1988: Hashim Mohd Ali
- 1988: Senu Abdul Rahman
- 1989: Abang Ahmad Urai
- 1989: Chan Siang Sun
- 1990: Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid
- 1990: Bahaman Samsudin
- 1990: Hashim Yeop Abdullah Sani
- 1990: Lee San Choon
- 1991: Tengku Ahmad Rithaudeen
- 1992: Abu Talib Othman
- 1992: Asri Muda
- 1992: Mohammed Jemuri Serjan
- 1992: Yaacob Mat Zain
- 1993: Abdul Rahman Abdul Hamid
- 1994: Borhan Ahmad
- 1994: Gunn Chit Tuan
- 1994: Musa Hitam
- 1994: Sulaiman Ninam Shah
- 1995: Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor
- 1995: Ismail Omar
- 1997: Abdul Halim Ali
- 1999: Lamin Mohd Yunus
- 1999: Mohtar Abdullah
- 2001: Mohd Zahidi Zainuddin
- 2001: Norian Mai
- 2001: Samsudin Osman
- 2004: Mohd Bakri Omar
- 2005: Abdul Gani Patail
- 2005: Mohd Anwar Mohd Nor
- 2007: Abdul Aziz Zainal
- 2007: Mohd Sidek Hassan
- 2007: Musa Hassan
- 2008: Rafidah Aziz
- 2009: Alauddin Mohd Sheriff
- 2009: Ong Ka Ting
- 2009: Syed Hamid Albar
- 2010: Azizan Ariffin
- 2010: Ismail Adam
- 2010: Joseph Pairin Kitingan
- 2011: Ismail Omar
- 2011: Harris Salleh
- 2012: Md Raus Sharif
- 2012: Zulkifeli Mohd Zin
- 2013: Ali Hamsa
- 2013: Yek Min Ek
- 2013: Lim Kok Wing
- 2014: Khalid Abu Bakar
- 2016: Mohamed Apandi Ali
- 2017: Mohamad Fuzi Harun
- 2017: Raja Mohamed Affandi
- 2017: Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin
- 2019: Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
- 2019: Ismail Bakar
- 2019: Zulkifli Zainal Abidin
- 2020: Mohd Zuki Ali
- 2020: Idrus Harun
- 2020: Affendi Buang
- 2020: Abdul Hamid Bador
- 2021: Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg
- 2021: Acryl Sani Abdullah Sani
Commanders
- 1958: A.H.P. Humphrey
- 1958: Abdul Hamid Jumat
- 1958: David Watherston
- 1958: F.H. Brooke
- 1958: James Beveridge Thomson
- 1958: James Cassels
- 1958: O.A. Spencer
- 1958: T.V.A. Brodie
- 1959: W.L.R. Carbonell
- 1959: Lord Ogmore
- 1959: Prijono
- 1961: Claude Fenner
- 1961: Douglas Waring
- 1961: H.A. Campbell
- 1961: John Hay
- 1961: Rodney Moore
- 1961: W.H. Wilcock
- 1962: Alexander Oppenheim
- 1962: L.C. Hoffman
- 1962: Luang Suranarong
- 1962: Stanley Edward Jewkes
- 1962: Syed Esa Almenoar
- 1963: Geofroy Tory
- 1963: George L. P. Weaver
- 1963: John Galvin
- 1963: Charles Bennett
- 1963: C.M. Sheridan
- 1963: Ngo Hou
- 1963: Samdech Penn Nouth
- 1963: Son Sann
- 1964: Dawee Chullasapya
- 1964: Kalya Israsena
- 1964: Peekdhip Malakul
- 1964: Nai Phairot Jayanama
- 1964: Presert Rujirawongse
- 1964: Swaeng Senanarong
- 1964: Nai Thitinant Na Ranong
- 1965: Abdel-Aziz El-Sayed
- 1965: Abdel-Maguid Farid
- 1965: Abdel-Monein Hassan Tawfik
- 1965: Abdul Wahab Al-Majali
- 1965: Ahmad Abdu El-Sharabassi
- 1965: Akef Al-Fayez
- 1965: Daoud Abu Ghazaleh
- 1965: Dhogan Hindawi
- 1965: El-Sayed Mohamed Youssef
- 1965: Habis Al-Majali
- 1965: Hazem Nuseibeh
- 1965: Mahmoud Fawzi
- 1965: Mahmoud Riad
- 1965: Mohamed Abdel Khalek Hassouna
- 1965: Mohamed Rashad Hassan
- 1965: Ngo Trong Anh
- 1965: Nguyễn Chánh Thi
- 1965: Nour-Eddine Tarraf
- 1965: Ra'ad bin Zeid
- 1965: S.F. Owens
- 1965: Saad Jumaa
- 1965: Sa`id Al-Mufti
- 1965: Salah El-Shahed
- 1965: Shawkat Sati
- 1965: Varyl Begg
- 1965: W.T. Philips
- 1965: Walter Colyear Walker
- 1966: Tran Kim Phuong
- 1967: John Grandy
- 1968: Philip Ernest Housden Pike
- 1971: Nai Puang Suwanrath
- 1972: John Baines Johnston
- 1972: Surakij Mayalarp
- 1977: Sumitro Djojohadikusumo
- 1979: Charoen Pongpanich
- 1979: Eikichi Hara
- 1979: Kōnosuke Matsushita
- 1979: Mohammad Jusuf
- 1979: Prem Tinsulanonda
- 1979: Sheikh Hassan Abdullah Al-Shaikh
- 1979: Yudhisthira Svasti
- 1981: Mohamed Al-Hamad Al-Subaili
- 1982: Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
- 1982: Alsayed Ahmed Abdul Wahab
- 1982: Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
- 1982: Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
- 1982: Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
- 1982: Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
- 1983: Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani
- 1983: Siddhi Savetsila
- 1983: Takeo Aritta
- 1984: Arthit Kamlang-ek
- 1984: Poniman
- 1986: Jürgen Warnke
- 1988: Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
- 1988: Try Sutrisno
- 1989: Etienne F. Glichitch
- 1989: Pengiran Ibnu Ba'asith Pengiran Apong
- 1991: Tadashi Kuranari
- 1993: Pao Sarasin
- 1994: Domingo Cavallo
- 1994: Masami Ishii
- 1999: Wiranto
- 2000: Datuk N Siva subramaniam
- 2007: Ahmed Mohammed Ali Al-Madani
- 2010: Yōhei Sasakawa