Pygela
Municipal unit of Samos
Stand-alone polis
Polis with sympoliteia (double citizenship) with Miletos
Municipal unit of Ephesos
Pygela (Ancient Greek: Πύγελα) or Phygela (Φύγελα)[1] was a small town of ancient Ionia, on the coast of the Caystrian Bay, a little to the south of Ephesus. It is located near Kuşadası, Asiatic Turkey.[2][3] The ruins are right down on Pygela Plaji, "Pygela Beach." They are obviously partly drowned.
According to Greek mythology, it was said to have been founded by Agamemnon, and to have been peopled with the remnants of his army; it contained a temple of Artemis Munychia.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Dioscorides commends the wine of this town.[10] It was a polis (city-state) and a member of the Delian League.[11] Silver and bronze coins dated to the 4th century BCE bearing the legends «ΦΥΓΑΛΕΩΝ» or «ΦΥΓ» are attributed to the town.[11]
Etymology
The ancient authors provided it with a folk-etymology based on its obvious resemblance to Greek backside. It is said to have taken its name because some of the men of Agamemnon remained there after they had had a disease of the buttocks (πυγαί).[12] Harpocration wrote that according to Theopompos it took its name when some of the men with Agamemnon stayed there on account of a disease to do with their buttocks (pygai, πυγαί).[13] Suda wrote the same about the name of the place.[14]
The folk etymology is, of course, ridiculous, as it was always meant to be, in the tradition of naming subject places and peoples with derogatory exonyms. The settlement was never a part of the Ionian League, even though it was in Ionia. As it was part of the spoils of the Meliac War, chances are it was Carian. It does have a bronze-age history (see below) under the Hittite name of Piggaya, which, if too early for the Carian language, at least was Anatolian, probably Luwian, as the place then would have been in Arzawa.
Strabo wrote that Demetrius was speaking of the existence of Amazons near Pygela.[15]
History
In the "Indictment of Madduwatta", it is mentioned, under the Hittite name Piggaya, as being allied to the Ahhiyawa king Attarissiya. The "Indictment" is dated to the early-fourteenth century BC in the Reign of Arnuwanda I, and Attarissiya is popularly identified with Atreus, which would mean that the city predates a founding by Agamemnon and the traditional date of the Trojan war.
References
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Pygela
- ^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 61, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.
- ^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
- ^ Xenophon. Hellenica. Vol. 1.2.2.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. xiv. p.639. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Πύγελα.
- ^ Harpocrat. s.v. Πύγελα; Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 5.31.
- ^ Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax p. 37; Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.17.
- ^ Livy. Ab urbe condita Libri [History of Rome]. Vol. 37.1.
- ^ Dioscorides, De Materia Medica 5.12
- ^ a b Rubinstein, Lene (2004). "Ionia". In Mogens Herman Hansen; Thomas Heine Nielsen (eds.). An inventory of archaic and classical poleis. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1094. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
- ^ Suda, pi.3109
- ^ HARPOKRATION, LEXICON OF THE TEN ORATORS, § p119
- ^ Suda Encyclopedia, § pi.3109
- ^ Strabo, Geography, book 12, chapter 3
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Pygela". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
External links
- Pygela, photographs and a brief description in Turkish.
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- Panemotichus
- Panhormus
- Pargais
- Parlais
- Patara
- Pednelissus
- Perga
- Perminounda
- Phaselis
- Phellus
- Philadelphia in Cilicia
- Philaea
- Phoenicus
- Phoenix in Lycia
- Pisarissos
- Pisurgia
- Placoma
- Platanus
- Podalia
- Pogla
- Prostanna
- Pseudokorasion
- Ptolemais
- Rhodiapolis
- Rhoscopus
- Rhosus
- Rygmanoi
- Sabandus
- Sagalassos
- Sandalium
- Saraganda
- Sebeda
- Seleucia in Pamphylia
- Seleucia Pieria
- Seleucia Sidera
- Selge
- Selinus
- Seroiata
- Serraepolis
- Sia
- Sibidounda
- Sibyla
- Side
- Siderus
- Sidyma
- Sillyon
- Simena
- Sinda
- Siricae
- Soli
- Solyma
- Sozopolis
- Sura
- Syca
- Syedra
- Takina
- Tapureli
- Tardequeia
- Tarsus
- Teimiussa
- Tell Judaidah
- Tell Tayinat
- Telmessos
- Telmessos (Caria)
- Tenedos
- Termessos
- Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
- Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
- Titiopolis
- Tityassus
- Tlos
- Toriaeum
- Tragalassus
- Trebendae
- Trebenna
- Trysa
- Tyberissus
- Tyinda
- Tymandus
- Tynada
- Typallia
- Xanthos
- Yanıkhan
- Yumuktepe
- Zenopolis in Isauria
- Zenopolis in Lycia
- Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
Anatolia
- Amida
- Antioch in the Taurus
- Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
- Apamea on the Euphrates
- Carcathiocerta
- Carchemish
- Çayönü
- Dabanas
- Dara
- Doliche
- Edessa
- Göbekli Tepe
- Hallan Çemi Tepesi
- Harran
- Khashshum
- Kussara
- Matiate
- Nevalı Çori
- Nicopolis in Cilicia
- Nisibis
- Sakçagözü
- Sam'al
- Samosata
- Sareisa
- Seleucia at the Zeugma
- Sitai
- Sultantepe
- Tille
- Tushhan
- Urima
- Urshu
- Zeugma
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