Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʎ⟩ in IPA
Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant |
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l̠ʲ |
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ʎ̟ |
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The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L
.
Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1] or postalveolo-prepalatal. None of the 13 languages investigated by Recasens (2013), many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal. That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.
There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ⟩ ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) is used especially in Sinological circles.
The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ʎ̥/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.
Features
Cased forms of the IPA letter in the
Pilagá alphabet. The capital is not supported by Unicode.
Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant:
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
Albanian[7] | Malsia e Madhe | lule | [ˈʎuʎɛ] | 'flower' | |
Arbëresh |
Arvanitika |
Aragonese | agulla | [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] | 'needle' | |
Aromanian | ljepuri | [ˈʎe̞puri] | 'rabbit' | |
Astur-Leonese | Asturian | llingua | [ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝] | 'language' | Where /ʎ/ is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as che vaqueira, its corresponding sounds are spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. |
Leonese |
Mirandese | lhéngua | [ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ] |
Aymara | llaki | [ʎaki] | 'sad' | |
Basque | bonbilla | [bo̞mbiʎa̠] | 'bulb' | |
Breton | familh | [fa̠miʎ] | 'family' | |
Bulgarian | любов | [ʎuˈbof] | 'love' | Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology |
Catalan | Standard | llac | [ˈʎ̟a̠k] | 'lake' | Alveolo-palatal. See Catalan phonology |
Eastern Aragon | clau | [ˈkʎ̟a̠ʊ̯] | 'key' | Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters. |
Chipaya | lloqa | [ʎoqa] | 'bank' | See Chipaya languages |
English | Australian | million | [ˈmɪʎən] | 'million' | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/ |
Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland) |
County Donegal[8] | Allophone of the sequence /lj/.[8] |
General American | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as [jj]. See English phonology |
Hiberno-English | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/ |
New England |
New York City |
New Zealand |
Received Pronunciation |
South African |
Southern American |
Philippine | gorilla | [goˈɾɪʎɐ] | 'gorilla' | Common realization of ⟨ll⟩ between vowels due to Spanish influence.[citation needed] |
Enindhilyagwa | angalya | [aŋal̠ʲa] | 'place' | Laminal post-alveolar |
Faroese | telgja | [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] | 'to carve' | Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants. Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥]. See Faroese phonology |
Franco-Provençal | balyi | [baʎi] | 'give' | |
French | Some dialects[11] | papillon | [papiʎɒ̃] | 'butterfly' | Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology |
Galician | Standard | illado | [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] | 'insulated' | Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays yeístas[12] because of influence from Spanish |
Greek | ήλιος | [ˈiʎos]ⓘ | 'sun' | Postalveolar. See Modern Greek phonology |
Hungarian | Northern dialects | lyuk | [ʎuk] | 'hole' | Alveolo-palatal. Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology |
Irish | duille | [ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə] | 'leaf' | Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar /lʲ/. See Irish phonology |
Italian | figlio | [ˈfiʎːo]ⓘ | 'son' | Alveolo-palatal. Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents.[16] See Italian phonology |
Ivilyuat | Ivil̃uɂat | [ʔivɪʎʊʔat] | 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') | |
Jaqaru | allaka | [a'ʎaka] | 'pumpkin' | See Jaqaru Language |
Jebero | llinllin[17] | [ʎinʎin] | 'name' | See Jebero Language |
Korean | Seoul dialect | 천리마 / cheollima | [t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠] | 'qianlima' | /l/ is palatalized to [ʎ] before /i, j/ and before palatal consonant allophones[18] |
Latvian | ļaudis | [ʎàwdis] | 'people' | See Latvian phonology |
Mapudungun | aylla | [ˈɐjʎɜ] | 'nine' | See Mapuche language |
Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[19] | alle | [ɑʎːe] | 'all' | See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | Standard | miralhar | [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
Paiwan | Standard | veljevelj | [vəʎəvəʎ] | 'banana' | See Paiwan language |
Paez | silli | [siʎi] | 'reed' | See Paezan languages |
Portuguese | Standard | alho | [ˈaʎu] | 'garlic' | Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese. May instead be [lʲ], [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels. See Portuguese phonology |
Many dialects[23] | sandália | [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel. |
Quechua | qallu | [qaʎʊ] | 'tongue' | |
Romanian | Transylvanian dialects | lingură | [ˈʎinɡurə] | 'spoon' | Corresponds to [l][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Scottish Gaelic | till | [tʲʰiːʎ] | 'return' | Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] See Scottish Gaelic phonology |
Serbo-Croatian[27] | љуљaшка / ljuljaška | [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä] | 'swing (seat)' | Palato-alveolar.[27] See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
Sissano | piyl | [piʎ] | 'fish' | |
Slovak | ľúbiť | [ˈʎu̞ːbi̞c]ⓘ | 'to love' | Merges with /l/ in western dialects. See Slovak phonology |
Spanish[28] | Andean (from Argentina to Colombia) | caballo | [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞] | 'horse' | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with yeísmo is pronounced [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞] |
Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large cities |
Central areas in Extremadura |
Eastern and southwestern Manchego[citation needed] |
Murcian |
Paraguayan[30] |
Philippine |
Very few areas in Andalusia |
Xumi | Lower | [ʎ̟o˩˥] | 'musk deer' | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/. |
Upper | [ʎ̟ɛ˦] | 'correct, right' |
See also
Notes
- ^ Recasens (2013:2), citing Ladefoged (1997:602)
- ^ Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). "Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 7. doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.
- ^ a b Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
- ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
- ^ Regueira, Xosé L. (December 1996). "Galician". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006162.
- ^ Ashby (2011:64): "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
- ^ "Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) | PDF | Lengua española | Vocal". Scribd. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Crosby, Drew; Dalola, Amanda (March 2021). "Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 6 (1): 706–707, 711. doi:10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ "Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ^ a b Jazić (1977:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
- ^ [1] Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine ALPI
- ^ Peña Arce, Jaime (2015). "Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión" [Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension]. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish). 33: 175–199. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
References
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- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Benkő, Loránd (1972), "The Hungarian Language", in Imre, Samu (ed.), Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, vol. 134, The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
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- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
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- Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2011), Le Bon usage (in French), Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Duculot, ISBN 978-2-8011-1642-5
- Hickey, Raymon (2004), "Irish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 68–97, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
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Pulmonic consonants | Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. | |
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