West Bomberai languages
Family of Papuan languages
| (Greater) West Bomberai | |
|---|---|
| Bomberai–Timor | |
| Geographic distribution | West New Guinea, East Timor |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | west2604 (mainland West Bomberai) timo1261 (Timor–Alor–Pantar) |
 Map: The West Bomberai languages of New Guinea The West Bomberai languages Other Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
The (Greater) West Bomberai languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea and in East Timor and neighboring islands of Indonesia.
Languages
Of the three languages on the mainland, Baham and Iha are closely related to each other while the third is distant, forming a third branch of the family along with the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages:[1][2]
- Mbahaam–Iha: Baham (Mbaham), Iha
- Kalamang (a.k.a. Karas)
- Timor–Alor–Pantar
This split, with two of the three branches on the mainland, suggests that Timor–Alor–Pantar may be the result of a relatively recent migration from New Guinea, perhaps arriving in the Timor area shortly before the Austronesian languages did, as Austronesian influence post-dates Proto–West Bomberai and even Proto-Timor–Alor–Pantar.[2]
History of classification
Wurm, Voorhoeve & McElhanon included Timor–Alor–Pantar and mainland West Bomberai as separate stocks within Trans–New Guinea.[3] Ross grouped them together to form a branch of his proposed West Trans–New Guinea stock, though with mainland West Bomberai as an additional branch within Timor–Alor–Pantar.[4] Holton & Robinson (2014) found little evidence to support a connection of Timor–Alor–Pantar with Trans–New Guinea,[5] but Holton & Robinson (2017) conceded that a relationship with Trans-New Guinea, and in particular with West Bomberai, was the most likely hypothesis.[6] Usher & Schapper (2022) established that the two mainland branches of the family are no closer to each other than they are to the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages – indeed that Kalamang might be the most divergent, and Usher has begun to reconstruct the West Bomberai protolanguage.[1][2]
Phonemes
Usher & Schapper (2022) reconstruct the following inventory of consonants:[2]
| *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | |
| *mb | *nd | (*ndz) | *ŋɡ | (*ŋɡʷ) |
| *m | *n | |||
| *s | ||||
| *w | *l, *r | (*j) |
Word-initial *k and *kʷ become *ʔ and *w in TAP. *kʷ becomes /k/ and intervocalic *p *t *k become /w, r, zero/ in Kalamang.
Prenasalized plosives did not occur initially in Proto-West Bomberai, having merged with the voiceless plosives. Medially, *mb *nd *ŋɡ become voiced stops in TAP; this is an areal feature, with proto-Austronesian *mb *nd *ŋɡ having done the same in neighboring Austronesian languages.
The vowels are still uncertain, but are likely to have been a simple *a *e *i *o *u system and appear to have included a diphthong *ai.
Pronouns
Usher & Schapper (2022) reconstruct the free pronouns as:[2]
sg pl 1excl *an ~ *na- *in ~ *ni- 1incl *pi 2 *ka *ki
The correspondences are mostly straightforward; initial *k has been lost from Timor-Alor-Pantar.
Cognates
Protoforms of the 40 most-stable items[7] in the Swadesh list include the following.[1]
Proto–West Bomberai gloss *am[i/u]n louse *kira water *kʷali ear *kVmV die *kina eye *tana hand/arm *nai name *war stone *ami breast *jaŋgal path ? tongue (*maŋg voice/speech) *aŋgin body/skin *kaja rain *waik blood *ukʷan[i] one *ma come *tumbər mountain *nawa eat/drink *kəna see *kʷel[e] skin/bark *jambar dog
References
- ^ a b c Timothy Usher (2020). "West Bomberai". New Guinea World. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
- ^ a b c d e Usher, Timothy; Schapper, Antoinette (2022), "The Greater West Bomberai Language Family", Oceanic Linguistics, 61 (1): 469–527, doi:10.1353/ol.2022.0004, hdl:1871.1/41e570b0-0d28-458d-90d2-3024e1a1376e, OCLC 9554546337
- ^ S.A.Wurm, C.L.Voorhoeve & K. McElhanon, The Trans-New Guinea Phylum in General.[1] Section 2.5 of S.A. Wurm (ed.) 1977 [1975] New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Australian National University, Canberra
- ^
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- ^ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2014), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 155–198, doi:10.17169/langsci.b22.48
- ^ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2017), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology Second Edition, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 147–190, doi:10.5281/zenodo.437098
- ^ Holman, Eric W., Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Viveka Velupillai, André Müller, Dik Bakker (2008). "Explorations in Automated Language Classification". Folia Linguistica, Vol. 42, no. 2, 331–354
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–West Bomberai
