Hassum
Hassum (also given as Khashshum, Ḫaššum, Hassu, Hassuwa or Hazuwan) was a Hurrian city-state,[1] located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.[2]
History
Early Bronze
The city was a vassal to Ebla, it was mentioned in the Tablets of Ebla as Hazuwan, and was governed by its own king.[3] It came under the influence of Mari for a short period of time in the 24th century BC,[4] before Irkab-Damu of Ebla regained influence over the area,[5] the city survived the Akkadians conquests in 2240 BC and flourished as a trade center in the first half of the 2nd millennia BC.[6]
Middle Bronze
In the beginning of 18th century BC, Hassum allied with Yamhad against Yahdun-Lim of Mari,[7] it later helped Yamhad against a kingdom in Zalmakum (a marshy region between the Euphrates and lower Balikh),[8], but then shifted alliance to Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria after he annexed Mari. The city sent him 1,000 troops to attack Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad.[9][10] Later, Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad brought Hassum under his hegemony and the city remained subjugated to Yamhad until the Hittite conquest.[11]
Hittite Conquest
In the course of his war against Yamhad, Hattusili I of the Hittites, having destroyed Alalakh and Urshu, headed toward Hassum in his sixth year (around 1644 BC, middle chronology). Yarim-Lim III of Yamhad sent his army under General Zukrassi, leader of the heavy-armed troops, accompanied by General Zaludis the commander of the Manda troops. They united with the army of Hashshum,[12] then the battle of Atalur mountain ensued (Atalur is located north of Aleppo not very far from the Amanus, it can be identified with the Kurd-Dagh Mountains).[13][14] Hattusili destroyed his enemies and moved on to burn and loot Hassum. The citizens rallied their forces three times against the Hittites,[15] but Hattusili sacked the city and seized the statues of the god Teshub, his wife Hebat and a pair of silver bulls that were the bulls of Teshub,[16] and carried them to Hattusa,[17] where they were kept in the temple of Arinna.[18] The king of Hassum was captured and humiliated, he was harnessed to one of the wagons used to transport the loot of his city and taken to the Hittite capital.[19]
Late Bronze
A century later, Hittite king Telipinu (fl. c. 1500 BC) mentions Hassum as his chief enemy and his destruction of the city.[2][20][21]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Roland de Vaux (1978). The early history of Israel, Volume 2. p. 65. ISBN 9780232512427.
- ^ a b Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. p. 295. ISBN 9781134159086.
- ^ Pelio Fronzaroli (1984). Lingua di Ebla e la linguistica semitica. p. 237.
- ^ Mario Liverani (4 December 2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. p. 202. ISBN 9781134750917.
- ^ Horst Klengel (20 March 1992). Syria, 3000 to 300 B.C.: a handbook of political history. p. 28. ISBN 9783050018201.
- ^ E. J. Peltenburg (2007). Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium Bc. p. 157. ISBN 9781842172728.
- ^ Yuhong Wu (1994). A Political History of Eshnunna, Mari and Assyria During the Early Old Babylonian Period: From the End of Ur III to the Death of Šamši-Adad. p. 131.
- ^ Sidney Smith (1956). Anatolian Studies: Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Special number in honour and in memory of John Garstang, 5th May, 1876 - 12th September, 1956, Volume 6. p. 38.
- ^ J. R. Kupper. The Cambridge Ancient History Northern Mesopotamia and Syria. p. 19.
- ^ Jack M. Sasson (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 44.
- ^ Gordon Douglas Young (1981). Ugarit in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Ugarit and Ugaritic. p. 7. ISBN 9780931464072.
- ^ Robert Drews (1993). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C. p. 106. ISBN 0691025916.
- ^ Shigeo Yamada (January 2000). The Construction of the Assyrian Empire. p. 105. ISBN 9004117725.
- ^ Michael C. Astour (1967). Hellenosemitica: an ethnic and cultural study in west Semitic impact on Mycenaean Greece. p. 388.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (21 August 2007). Hittite Warrior. p. 43. ISBN 9781846030819.
- ^ Roland de Vaux (1978). The early history of Israel, Volume 2. p. 66. ISBN 9780232512427.
- ^ J. R. Kupper. The Cambridge Ancient History Northern Mesopotamia and Syria. p. 38.
- ^ William J. Hamblin (27 September 2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. p. 287. ISBN 9781134520626.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. p. 83. ISBN 9780199240104.
- ^ Harry A. Hoffner; Gary M. Beckman; Richard Henry Beal; John Gregory McMahon (January 2003). Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. p. 10. ISBN 9781575060798.
- ^ Albrecht Götze (1980). Kizzuwatna and the problem of Hittite geography. p. 72. ISBN 9780404603229.
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- Loryma
- Lunda
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- Maeandropolis
- Magnesia ad Sipylum
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- Maiboza
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- Malene
- Marathesium
- Mastaura
- Meiros
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- Meloukome
- Metropolis in Lydia
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- Miletus
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- Myndus
- Myrina
- Myus
- Nais
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- Naulochon
- Naulochus
- Naxia
- Neapolis
- Neonteichos
- Nisyra
- Notion
- Nymphaeum
- Nysa on the Maeander
- Odon
- Oenoanda
- Olaeis
- Olymos
- Oroanna
- Orthoisa
- Ortygia
- Otrus
- Palaemyndus
- Palaeopolis
- Panasion
- Panormus near Miletus
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- Parsada
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- Passanda
- Pedasa
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- Pepuza
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- Pidasa
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- Pisilis
- Pisye
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- Pladasa
- Plarasa
- Polichna in Ionia
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- Polybotus
- Pordoselene
- Priene
- Prymnessus
- Pteleum
- Pydnae
- Pygela
- Pyrnus
- Pyrrha
- Saouenda
- Sardis
- Satala in Lydia
- Sebaste in Phrygia
- Sebastopolis in Caria
- Setae
- Side in Caria
- Sidussa
- Silandus
- Sillyos
- Sion
- Skolopoeis
- Smyrna
- Soa
- Spore
- Stadia
- Stectorium
- Stratonicea in Lydia
- Stratonicea in Caria
- Strobilos
- Syangela
- Symbra
- Synaus
- Syneta
- Synnada
- Syrna
- Tabae
- Tabala
- Tateikome
- Taza
- Teichiussa
- Telandrus
- Temenothyra
- Temnos
- Tempsis
- Tendeba
- Teos
- Termera
- Teuthrania
- Thasthara
- Theangela
- Thebe Hypoplakia
- Thebes
- Thera
- Thyaira
- Thyatira
- Thymbrara
- Thyssanus
- Tisna
- Tlos in Caria
- Tomara
- Traianopolis
- Trapezopolis
- Trarium
- Triopium
- Tripolis on the Meander
- Troketta
- Tyanollos
- Tymion
- Tymnos
- Ula
- Uranium
- Zemmeana
- Zingotos Kome
- Abonoteichos
- Aegialus
- Aiginetes
- Alaca Höyük
- Amasia
- Amastris
- Ancon
- Anticinolis
- Argyria
- Armene
- Athenae
- Berissa
- Bonita
- Boon
- Cabira
- Cales
- Callistratia
- Carambis
- Carissa
- Carussa
- Cerasus
- Chadisia
- Cinolis
- Cizari
- Colonia in Armenia
- Colussa
- Comana in the Pontus
- Coralla
- Cordyle
- Cratia
- Crenides
- Cromen
- Cromna
- Cyptasia
- Cytorus
- Dia
- Diacopa
- Elaeus
- Endeira
- Erythini
- Euchaita
- Eusene
- Gadilon
- Garius
- Garzoubanthon
- Gaziura
- Gozalena
- Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
- Hattusa
- Heraclea Pontica
- Heracleium
- Hermonassa
- Hieron Oros
- Hüseyindede Tepe
- Hyssus
- Ibora
- Ischopolis
- Karza
- Kelesa
- Kimista
- Laodicea Pontica
- Libiopolis
- Lillium
- Metroon
- Mokata
- Naustathmus
- Nerik
- Nicopolis
- Ophis
- Oxinas
- Patara
- Pharnacia
- Phazemon
- Philocaleia
- Pida
- Pimolisa
- Polemonium
- Pompeiopolis
- Potami
- Prusias ad Hypium
- Pteria in Paphlagonia
- Salatiwara
- Samuha
- Sandaraca
- Sapinuwa
- Satala
- Saurania
- Sebastopolis in Pontus
- Stephane
- Syderos
- Themiscyra
- Thymena
- Timolaeum
- Tium
- Tripolis
- Virasia
- Yazılıkaya
- Zagorus
- Zaliche
- Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
- Ziporea
- Abouadeineita
- Alişar Hüyük
- Amblada
- Anadynata
- Anastasiopolis
- Andabalis
- Anisa
- Anniaca
- Antoniopolis
- Anzoulada
- Aquae Saravenae
- Aralla
- Arasaxa
- Archalla
- Ardistama
- Ariaramneia
- Ariarathia
- Armaxa
- Artiknos
- Aspenzinsos
- Astra
- Atenia
- Balbissa
- Balgatia
- Barate
- Bathys Rhyax
- Binbirkilise
- Blucium
- Borissos
- Campae
- Camuliana
- Candara
- Carus Vicus
- Çatalhöyük
- Cimiata
- Ciscissus
- Cinna
- Claneus
- Comitanassus
- Congustus
- Corna
- Corniaspa
- Coropassus
- Cotenna
- Cybistra
- Cyzistra
- Dadastana
- Dasmenda
- Derbe
- Diocaesarea
- Doara
- Dometiopolis
- Dorylaeum
- Ecdaumava
- Ecobriga
- Ergobrotis
- Euaissa
- Eudocia (Cappadocia)
- Eudocia (Phrygia)
- Eulepa
- Faustinopolis
- Germa
- Gorbeus
- Gordium
- Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
- Heraclea Cybistra
- Herpha
- Hieropotamon
- Homana
- Hyde
- Ilistra
- Irenopolis
- Isauropolis
- Juliopolis
- Kaman-Kalehöyük
- Kanotala
- Karbala
- Keissia
- Kerkenes
- Kilistra
- Kindyria
- Kobara
- Kodylessos
- Korama
- Koron
- Kültepe (Kanesh)
- Lageina
- Lamatorma
- Laodicea Combusta
- Laroumada
- Lauzadus
- Limnae
- Lystra
- Malandasa
- Malus in Galatia
- Malus in Phrygia
- Meloë
- Metropolis in northern Phrygia
- Midaeium
- Mistea
- Mnizus
- Mokissos
- Mourisa
- Moutalaske
- Musbanda
- Myrika
- Nakoleia
- Nazianzus
- Nitazi
- Nora
- Nyssa
- Ochras
- Olosada
- Orcistus
- Papirion
- Parnassus
- Pedachtoë
- Pedaia
- Peium
- Perta
- Pessinus
- Pharax
- Phlara
- Pillitokome
- Pissia
- Pithoi
- Pontanena
- Posala
- Pteria
- Purushanda
- Pyrgoi
- Sadagolthina
- Salamboreia
- Salarama
- Sasima
- Savatra
- Sbida
- Sedasa
- Senzousa
- Sereana
- Sibora
- Sidamaria
- Skandos
- Soanda
- Soandos
- Sora
- Takourtha
- Tavium
- Thebasa
- Thouththourbia
- Tiberiopolis
- Trocmades
- Tyana
- Tynna
- Tyriaeum
- Vasada
- Verinopolis
- Zeita
- Zizima
- Abarnis
- Abydos
- Achaiion
- Achilleion
- Ad Statuas
- Adrasteia
- Aegospotami
- Agora
- Aianteion in Thrace
- Aianteion in the Troad
- Ainos
- Alexandria Troas
- Alopeconnesus
- Ammoi
- Amycus
- Anaplous
- Apamea Myrlea
- Aphrodisias
- Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
- Aprus
- Apsoda
- Arbeila
- Argiza
- Argyria
- Argyronion
- Argyropolis
- Arisba
- Artace
- Artaiouteichos
- Artanes
- Assos
- Astacus
- Astyra in Troad
- Athyras
- Aureliane
- Aureliopolis
- Baradendromia
- Baris
- Basilica Therma
- Basilinopolis
- Bathonea
- Bathys Limen
- Beodizo
- Bergule
- Birytis
- Bisanthe
- Bitenas
- Bithynium
- Blachernae
- Bolos
- Boradion
- Brunca
- Burtudizon
- Bythias
- Byzantium
- Byzapena
- Caenophrurium
- Callum
- Calpe
- Canopus
- Cardia
- Cebrene
- Cenchreae
- Cenon Gallicanon
- Chalcaea
- Chalcedon
- Charax
- Charmidea
- Chelae on the Black Sea
- Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
- Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
- Choiragria
- Chryse
- Chrysopolis
- Cius
- Clitae
- Cobrys
- Cocylium
- Colla
- Colonae
- Cremaste
- Crenides
- Cressa
- Crithote
- Cypasis
- Cypsela
- Cyzicus
- Dadokome
- Dacibyza
- Damalis
- Daphne Mainomene
- Daphnus
- Dardanus
- Dascylium
- Dascylium in Bithynia
- Dekaton in Bithynia
- Dekaton in Thrace
- Delkos
- Delphin
- Deris
- Desa
- Didymateiche
- Diolkides
- Drabus
- Drizipara/Drusipara
- Eirakla
- Elaea in Bithynia
- Elaeus
- Elekosmioi
- Embolos
- Ergasteria
- Eribolum
- Gargara
- Gentinos
- Gergis
- Germa
- Germanicopolis
- Hadriani ad Olympum
- Hadriania
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- Halone
- Hamaxitus
- Harpagion
- Hebdomon
- Helenopolis/Drepanum
- Heracleium
- Hermaion
- Hieria
- Hierion
- Iasonion
- Ide
- Ilieon Kome
- Kabia
- Kalamos
- Kalasyrta
- Kale Peuke
- Kalos Agros
- Kampos
- Kassa
- Katapaspanas
- Kepos
- Kizoura
- Koila
- Kolonai
- Kosilaos
- Koubaita
- Kyparodes
- Kypra
- Lamponeia
- Lampsacus
- Larisa in Troad
- Lasthenes
- Leptoia
- Liada
- Libum
- Libyssa
- Limnae in Bithynia
- Limnae in Thrace
- Linus
- Lupadium
- Lygos
- Lysimachia
- Madytus
- Mantineion
- Marpessos
- Miletopolis
- Mocasura
- Mochadion
- Modra
- Morzapena
- Mossynea
- Moukaporis
- Myrileion
- Narco
- Nassete
- Nausikleia
- Nausimachion
- Neandreia
- Neapolis on the Bosphorus
- Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
- Neonteichos
- Nerola
- Nicomedia
- Oka
- Ontoraita
- Ophryneion
- Orestias
- Orni
- Ostreodes
- Pactya
- Paeon
- Paesus
- Palodes
- Panion
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- Parabolos
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- Paulines
- Pegae in Mysia
- Pegae in Thrace
- Pege
- Pentephyle
- Percote
- Pericharaxis
- Perinthus
- Petrozetoi
- Pharmakia
- Phidalia Petra
- Phiela
- Philia
- Phosphorus
- Pionia
- Pitheci Portus
- Placia
- Ploketta
- Poemanenum
- Poleatikon
- Polychron
- Polymedium
- Potamoi
- Potamonion
- Praenetus
- Pratomysia
- Prepa
- Priapus
- Prindea
- Proconnesus
- Proochthoi
- Prusa
- Psarela
- Psyllium
- Pyrrhias Cyon
- Pytheion
- Rhebas
- Rhegion
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- Rhoiteion
- Rouphinianai
- Salmydessus
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- Scamandrus
- Scepsis
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- Sykai
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- Tarsus in Bithynia
- Tattaios
- Tenba
- Terbos
- Tesderamoska
- Tetrakomia
- Tipaso
- Tragasai
- Thynias
- Traron
- Tricomia in Bithynia
- Troy (Hisarlik)
- Tyrodiza
- Tzurulum
- Urisio
- Utsurgae
- Zeleia
- Acalissus
- Acarassus
- Adada
- Adrasus
- Aegae
- Agrae
- Alalakh
- Amelas
- Anabura in Pisidia
- Anazarbus
- Anchiale
- Andeda
- Andriaca
- Anemurium
- Ano Kotradis
- Antigonia
- Antioch on the Orontes
- Antioch of Pisidia
- Antiochia Lamotis
- Antioch on the Cragus
- Antioch on the Pyramis
- Antiphellus
- Aperlae
- Aphrodisias of Cilicia
- Apollonia in Lycia
- Arabissus
- Araxa
- Ariassus
- Arima
- Arnabanda
- Arneae
- Arsada
- Arsinoe
- Artanada
- Arycanda
- Aspendos
- Augai
- Augusta
- Aulae
- Aunesis
- Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
- Balbura
- Baris
- Bindaios
- Bubon
- Cabassus
- Cadrema
- Cadyanda
- Callimache
- Calynda
- Carallia
- Carmylessus
- Casae
- Castabala
- Ceretapa
- Cestrus
- Charadrus
- Choma
- Cibyra Mikra
- Claudiopolis
- Colybrassus
- Comama
- Comana in Cappadocia
- Comba
- Conana
- Coracesium
- Corycium Antrum
- Corycus (Kızkalesi)
- Corydala
- Cremna
- Cretopolis
- Crya
- Cyaneae
- Cyrrhus
- Daedala
- Dalisandus in Isauria
- Dalisandus in Pamphylia
- Damasei
- Dias
- Diocaesarea
- Domuztepe
- Elaiussa Sebaste
- Elbessos
- Emirzeli
- Epiphania
- Erymna
- Etenna
- Eudocia (Lycia)
- Eudocias (Pamphylia)
- Flaviopolis
- Gagae
- Gözlükule
- Hacilar
- Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
- Halae
- Hamaxia
- Hierapolis
- Hippucome
- Holmi
- Hyia
- Idebessos
- Idyros
- Iotape
- Irenopolis
- Isaura Nea
- Isaura Palaea
- Isba
- Isinda in Lycia
- Isinda in Pisidia
- Issus
- Istlada
- Juliosebaste
- Kalanthia
- Kalelibelen
- Kandyba
- Kanytelis
- Karakabaklı
- Karatepe
- Karkabo
- Kastellon
- Keraia
- Kibyra
- Kiphisos
- Kirkota
- Kitanaura
- Kodroula
- Kolbasa
- Korasion
- Korma
- Kynosarion
- Laertes
- Lagbe
- Lamos
- Lebessus
- Legeita
- Limnae in Pamphylia
- Limnae in Pisidia
- Limyra
- Lissa
- Lycae
- Lyrbe
- Lysinia
- Magarsa
- Magastara
- Magydus
- Mallus
- Malus in Pisidia
- Mampsoukrenai
- Mamure Castle
- Manava
- Mandane
- Marciana
- Marmara (Mnara)
- Mastaura
- Meloë
- Melanippe
- Meriana
- Mezgitkale
- Moatra
- Mopsucrene
- Mopsuestia
- Morka
- Moron Hydor
- Moumoustra
- Mylae
- Mylios
- Myra
- Myriandus
- Nagidos
- Nauloi
- Neapolis in Pisidia
- Nephelis
- Nisa
- Octapolis
- Olba
- Olbasa
- Olbia
- Olympus
- Öküzlü
- Onobara
- Orokenda
- Otanada
- Ouerbe
- Padyandus
- Palaeopolis
- Panemotichus
- Panhormus
- Pargais
- Parlais
- Patara
- Pednelissus
- Perga
- Perminounda
- Phaselis
- Phellus
- Philadelphia in Cilicia
- Philaea
- Phoenicus
- Phoenix in Lycia
- Pisarissos
- Pisurgia
- Placoma
- Platanus
- Podalia
- Pogla
- Prostanna
- Pseudokorasion
- Ptolemais
- Rhodiapolis
- Rhoscopus
- Rhosus
- Rygmanoi
- Sabandus
- Sagalassos
- Sandalium
- Saraganda
- Sebeda
- Seleucia in Pamphylia
- Seleucia Pieria
- Seleucia Sidera
- Selge
- Selinus
- Seroiata
- Serraepolis
- Sia
- Sibidounda
- Sibyla
- Side
- Siderus
- Sidyma
- Sillyon
- Simena
- Sinda
- Siricae
- Soli
- Solyma
- Sozopolis
- Sura
- Syca
- Syedra
- Takina
- Tapureli
- Tardequeia
- Tarsus
- Teimiussa
- Tell Judaidah
- Tell Tayinat
- Telmessos
- Telmessos (Caria)
- Tenedos
- Termessos
- Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
- Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
- Titiopolis
- Tityassus
- Tlos
- Toriaeum
- Tragalassus
- Trebendae
- Trebenna
- Trysa
- Tyberissus
- Tyinda
- Tymandus
- Tynada
- Typallia
- Xanthos
- Yanıkhan
- Yumuktepe
- Zenopolis in Isauria
- Zenopolis in Lycia
- Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
Anatolia
- Amida
- Antioch in the Taurus
- Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
- Apamea on the Euphrates
- Carcathiocerta
- Carchemish
- Çayönü
- Dabanas
- Dara
- Doliche
- Edessa
- Göbekli Tepe
- Hallan Çemi Tepesi
- Harran
- Khashshum
- Kussara
- Matiate
- Nevalı Çori
- Nicopolis in Cilicia
- Nisibis
- Sakçagözü
- Sam'al
- Samosata
- Sareisa
- Seleucia at the Zeugma
- Sitai
- Sultantepe
- Tille
- Tushhan
- Urima
- Urshu
- Zeugma